Genetic testing improves diagnosis of developmental disorders during pregnancy: Study

Washington: The health of a child, during the course of any pregnancy, is a source of worry for to-be parents. A new study, published in The Lancet on Thursday sheds light on how genetic testing improves the diagnoses of abnormalities in developing babies that are picked up during ultrasound scans.

Scientists from the Wellcome Sanger Institute, University of Cambridge, University of Birmingham, Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) and their collaborators used genome sequencing to improve the diagnoses of abnormalities detected by ultrasound by around 10 per cent.

Without genomic information, these abnormalities may not have been diagnosed until after pregnancy, if at all. According to the experts, the findings suggest that if the results from genome sequencing can be delivered in the timeframe of a pregnancy, then there can be additiona;l diagnosis that can support the care, counselling and the family’s decision-making during the course of the pregnancy.

The study finds that approximately 3 per cent of pregnancies will have an abnormality in the structure of the developing baby, which is detected by a routine prenatal ultrasound scan.

These can include problems with the baby`s heart, brain, skeleton or in some cases, multiple organs.Having detected a problem with the baby`s development using prenatal ultrasound, parents will want to know the likely outcome for their child, however there can be many different possible causes of the abnormality.

Researchers at the Wellcome Sanger Institute and their collaborators provided a genetic diagnosis for around 10 per cent of pregnancies with detected abnormalities. Without genetic testing, the genetic changes causing the developmental problem would not have been detected by standard diagnostic testing.

The research supports the mainstream use of more detailed genetic testing alongside other tests in order to provide better information to parents about how their child is likely to be affected.

Speaking about it, Dr Matthew Hurles, said: "Genetic testing gets to the root cause of some of the problems seen in ultrasound scans and can give families much clearer answers about a baby`s condition. For example, a structural heart defect seen on an ultrasound scan could be caused by a disease that just affects the heart and may be relatively easily corrected, or it could be linked to something more complicated, such as neurological development, which could impact on the child`s schooling in the future.

"The research fell under the Prenatal Assessment of Genomes and Exomes (PAGE) study, which strives to gain a better understanding of genetic alterations, or variants, that cause developmental problems during pregnancy.

The PAGE study aims to improve prenatal diagnostics, allow better genetics-derived prognoses and more informed parental counselling in the future.During the course of the study, researchers identified new diagnoses of known genetic disorders for 52 of the 610 pregnancies, or 8.5 per cent.

The team found that genetic diagnoses were considerably more common in foetuses with heart defects, skeletal abnormalities or multi-organ problems, which could lead to some ultrasound findings being prioritised for genetic testing.Professor Eamonn Maher, from the University of Cambridge, said that more genetic diagnoses were made for developing babies with problems surrounding the heart, skeleton or multiple organs, indicating that in the future genetic testing to make diagnoses may be tailored according to the type of problem.

Lyn Chitty, another author of the study, further added that the study shows that genome sequencing improves the diagnosis of genetic conditions in developing babies who have been found to have structural abnormalities during a routine ultrasound.

Chitty further added, “Making these results available during pregnancy means we can offer better counselling to parents and enable access to appropriate care. The next step is to work on implementing this approach nationally so more families can benefit.

"The results from this study were fed back to the families via their genetic counsellors to help them decide on treatment or management for the condition. Most of the diagnoses made were of conditions that have a low risk of recurrence in future pregnancies.