‘Eyes on cars’ can reduce road accidents, increase pedestrian safety: Study

To reduce road accidents and increase pedestrians’ safety, a new study has revealed that robotic eyes on autonomous vehicles could improve pedestrian safety. According to a new study from the University of Tokyo, participants acted out scenarios in virtual reality (VR), deciding whether or not to cross a road in front of a moving vehicle. Participants were able to make safer or more efficient choices when that vehicle was outfitted with robotic eyes that either looked at the pedestrian (registering their presence) or away (not registering their presence). Self-driving vehicles seem to be just around the corner. While the main concern for many is the practical side of creating vehicles that can autonomously navigate the world, researchers at the University of Tokyo have turned their attention to a more "human" concern of self-driving technology.

"There is not enough investigation into the interaction between self-driving cars and the people around them, such as pedestrians. So, we need more investigation and effort into such interaction to bring safety and assurance to society regarding self-driving cars," said Professor Takeo Igarashi from the Graduate School of Information Science and Technology. One key difference with self-driving vehicles is that drivers may become more of a passenger, so they may not be paying full attention to the road, or there may be nobody at the wheel at all. 

This makes it difficult for pedestrians to gauge whether a vehicle has registered its presence or not, as there might be no eye contact or indications from the people inside it. So, how could pedestrians be made aware of when an autonomous vehicle has noticed them and is intending to stop? Like a character from the Pixar movie Cars, a self-driving golf cart was fitted with two large, remote-controlled robotic eyes. The researchers called it the "gazing car." They wanted to test whether putting moving eyes on the cart would affect people’s more risky behavior, in this case, whether people would still cross the road in front of a moving vehicle when in a hurry. 

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The team set up four scenarios, two where the cart had eyes and two without. The cart had either noticed the pedestrian and was intending to stop or had not noticed them and was going to keep driving. When the cart had eyes, the eyes would either be looking towards the pedestrian (going to stop) or looking away (not going to stop). 

As it would be dangerous to ask volunteers to choose whether or not to walk in front of a moving vehicle in real life (though for this experiment there was a hidden driver), the team recorded the scenarios using 360-degree video cameras and the 18 participants (nine women and nine men, aged 18-49 years, all Japanese) played through the experiment in VR. They experienced the scenarios multiple times in random order and were given three seconds each time to decide whether or not they would cross the road in front of the cart.

The researchers recorded their choices and measured the error rates of their decisions, that is, how often they chose to stop when they could have crossed and how often they crossed when they should have waited. "The results suggested a clear difference between genders, which was very surprising and unexpected," said Project Lecturer Chia-Ming Chang, a member of the research team. 

"In this study, the male participants made many dangerous road-crossing decisions (i.e., choosing to cross when the car was not stopping), but these errors were reduced by the car's eye gaze. However, there was not much difference in safe situations for them (i.e., choosing to cross when the car was going to stop)," explained Chang. "On the other hand, the female participants made more inefficient decisions (i.e., choosing not to cross when the car was intending to stop) and these errors were reduced by the cart’s eye gaze. However, there was not much difference in unsafe situations for them." Ultimately the experiment showed that the eyes resulted in a smoother or safer crossing for everyone. 

"Moving from manual driving to auto driving is a huge change. If eyes can contribute to safety and reduce traffic accidents, we should seriously consider adding them. In the future, we would like to develop automatic control of the robotic eyes connected to the self-driving AI (instead of being manually controlled), which could accommodate different situations." said Igarashi. 

(With inputs from ANI)