Explained: Pakistan-Iran Border Tensions And Story Of Balochistan

NEW DELHI: In a recent escalation of tensions between Iran and Pakistan, both countries have conducted air attacks on armed groups operating near their shared volatile border. The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) of Iran targeted an armed group in Panjgur town in Pakistan's Balochistan province, leading to a swift response from Pakistan, which bombed hideouts of armed groups in Iran's Sistan-Balochistan province.

Geopolitical Significance Of Balochistan

Balochistan, a region of significant geopolitical importance, is divided among three countries - Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran. Pakistan's portion is known as Balochistan province, while in Afghanistan, it includes Helmand-Kandahar and Nimruz. In Iran, it is referred to as Sistan-Balochistan.

The Baloch Tribe's Legacy

The region derives its name from the Baloch tribe, a community that has inhabited the area for centuries. Throughout its history, Balochistan has been a battleground, witnessing conflicts and divisions under the rule of various powers, including the Persians and the British.

Historical Context

Balochistan, originally divided into princely states like Kalat, Lasbela, Makran, and Kharan, faced challenges during the British colonial era. In 1947, the states had the option to join either India or Pakistan, and eventually, Balochistan became a part of south-western Pakistan in 1948, emerging as its largest province. Constituting 44% of the total landmass, Balochistan faces unique challenges. Its arid and predominantly desert landscape has contributed to its status as the least inhabited and economically underdeveloped region in the country.

Challenges And Development Struggles

The arid and desolate nature of Balochistan's terrain has posed significant challenges for development. It is characterized by a scarcity of resources and economic opportunities, contributing to decades-long problems. Despite its vast size, the region remains the least economically developed in Pakistan.

Unrest And Armed Resistance

Balochistan has grappled with a myriad of issues, ranging from socio-economic disparities to political unrest. The struggles have persisted for decades, with the region facing neglect and marginalization, hindering its potential for growth and prosperity. The Baloch people have a long-standing sentiment of nationalism, challenging the Pakistani government for autonomy. While they aspire for independence, their struggle has not gained enough strength to achieve it. The armed resistance is often labelled as terrorism by both Pakistan and Iran, with recent missile attacks by Iran targeting the Baloch militant group Jaish al-Adl.

Strategic Importance Of Balochistan For Pakistan

Balochistan is Pakistan's largest province, contributing significantly to the country's gas production (40%). It also serves as a critical checkpoint for the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Despite its strategic importance, the region has witnessed a long-standing struggle for autonomy, with the Baloch feeling marginalized.

Understanding Baloch Militancy

Roots of Militancy: Balochistan has become a hotspot for militancy, with groups like Jaish al-Adl involved in armed resistance against what they perceive as oppressive governance. The historical grievances and economic disparities have fueled the Baloch insurgency, leading to clashes between Pakistani forces and militant groups.

Cross-Border Dynamics

The complex geopolitical dynamics have further intensified the situation. The border regions, including Gwadar Port in Balochistan and Iran's Chabahar Port, are considered sister ports, jointly developed by India and Iran as a countermeasure to Gwadar.

A Shared Challenge

The recent airstrikes highlight the shared challenge of the Baloch insurgency faced by both Iran and Pakistan. As the region remains volatile, addressing the root causes of unrest and fostering dialogue is crucial for long-term stability. The geopolitical significance of Balochistan continues to shape the dynamics between these neighbouring nations.