Flowers lure pollinating bees, says study

Hundreds of flower species have evolved the ability to project ethereal halos of blue light invisible to humans in order to lure pollinating bees, researchers have found.

In laboratory experiments, bumblebees were drawn to synthetic flowers designed to generate the same kind of ultraviolet rings, they reported in the journal Nature.

“The effect occurs in the ultraviolet part of the optical spectrum that we cannot see,” said co-author Ullrich Steiner, a researcher at the Adolphe Merkle Institute in Fribourg, Switzerland. “But bees can.”

Researchers were surprised by the results.

To start with, the nano-scale plant architecture — arranged like packets of dry spaghetti — producing these blue halos appears haphazard, and varies significantly from flower to flower.

“We had always assumed that the disorder we saw in our petal surfaces was just an accidental by-product of life — that flowers couldn’t do any better,” said senior author Beverly Glover, director of the Botanical Gardens at the University of Cambridge.

“But the disorder we see in petal nanostructure appears to have been harnessed by evolution and ends up aiding floral communication with bees.”

Flowering plants and insects began their pas-de-deux more than 100 million years ago. In animals, the hard-wired drive to produce offspring works through sexual attraction. But plants, rooted in the ground, had to find another strategy to reproduce.

Enter the birds and the bees, along with the wind and any vehicle that might transport pollen from one flower to another.

Previous studies have shown that bees in search of nectar-giving plants are attracted to odours, but take most of their cues from colours and petal shapes.

Bees are especially sensitive to the band of colours on the light spectrum where blue graduates into ultraviolet. Somehow, some plants are genetically programmed to “know” this.